Frankly, I don't know the answer to this one.Birds are considerably smaller than the dinosaurs you see in Jurassic Park. Rather than using numerous bones to control wing shape (as bats do), birds use a small number of bones, supplemented by a large number of feathers.The wing skeleton includes these bones:Study the diagram above and think about what it means for bird flight. Look at the date on the tag around this owl's leg — this specimen has been in our lab for a long time.Using the diagram above as a reference, examine this Great Horned Owl skeleton in lab. However, most of the unique characteristics of birds did not originally evolve as adaptations to flight; instead, these characteristics evolved in birds' dinosaur ancestors, long before the evolution of flight in birds. The hollow, dense construction of bird bones does give them greater rigidity than comparable mammal bones. The form and function of bird skeletons reflects both the birds' dinosaur ancestry and the evolutionary demands of flight.The words in bold type are things that you might be asked to identify on the lab exam. Did you know that humans, birds, and bats have the exact same types of bones in their forearm? The traditional explanation is that pneumatic bones evolved because it makes the bones lighter, enabling birds to fly better.
We know this because feathers evolved long before birds began to fly. As a result, the number of bones in the bird forelimb has been reduced compared to their ancestors. Some of these characteristics have traditionally been explained as adaptations to flight, but if the characteristics first appeared in dinosaurs long before the evolution of flight, then they weren't adaptations to flying.Bird skulls are dramatically different from those of other reptiles, as well as mammals.Some important characteristics that are shared by birds and extinct dinosaurs:We have a specimen of a bat wing skeleton and also a whole skeleton of a bat.
For the phylogenetic tree shown above, the relationships among crocodiles, turtles, lizards, birds, and mammals could be determined without even looking at the fossils. If the bird looks dazed, stunned, or unconscious, this could mean that the bird is in shock and is suffering from more injuries than just a broken wing. This doesn't say that pneumatic bones aren't relevant to flight, though.
These air sacs extend into the bones, and air can move in and out of the bones as it moves through other parts of the system. This allows the bird's body to resist the powerful forces generated by the flight muscles acting on the wings. If pneumatic bones evolved before flight, they didn't evolve because of flight. While birds and mammals both came from the same original terrestrial vertebrate ancestors, they came from different branches of the vertebrate tree. In birds, it includes the furcula, scapula and coracoid:Take a close look at the whole bat skeleton. Rather than focusing only on the names of the bones, it's useful to think about the major differences between bird skeletons and mammal skeletons, as described below.Today's lab includes the following pages on this site: First, many large, nonflying dinosaurs also had pneumatic bones.
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