A radiation frost is the most common type of frost for many grape growing regions. After the 1990 frost, many farmers began to purchasecatastrophic crop insurance and growers with insurance experienced more damagein 1998. Orchards can be located so as to minimize the chances of frost damage.Spraying of harmless foams or gels on plants threatened by frost is a technique under investigation. Whilethis disaster relief is helpful to the farmers, it might discourage the use ofactive protection methods and it might encourage expansion of the industry intoareas where the risk of frost damage is higher (Tiefenbacher, Hagelman andSecora, 2000).Cover crop (weed) control and mulchesThe December 2000 frost was a good example of how hardeningcan provide protection against frost damage.
The FTrend application program is used for estimating changes in air and wet-bulb temperatures during a frost night. © 2020 UC Davis Biometeorology GroupEstimating Risk of Frost Damage from Climate Data (new 8 Jul 2006)The FTrend Excel application programs FTrend_E.xls and FTrend_M.xls are available from this link. In tropicalclimates, there is normally no freezing except at higher elevations. However, thishas led to an increase in frost damage to olives during severe winters in 1985,1991 and 1996 (Rotondi and Magli, 1998). In this book, thedistribution, economics, history, physical and biological aspects of frostdamage are presented and discussed, together with methods ofprotection.For deciduous fruit and nut trees, damaging frost events occurmainly in the spring, but sometimes in the autumn as well. This might have occurred because their orchards are more prone todamage or it might be that there was less effort to use protection methodsbecause they had insurance.
Attaway (1997) notedthat, although the damage to fruit was immense,In some cases, cropping locations change in response toclimate change. Flood irrigation for frost protection works in a similar fashion but due to larger water volumes it will provide more protection. Almost all frost protection systems/methods available
For example, within a relatively small region, henoted losses of 70 to 80 percent of the oranges in Ojai Valley, 60 percent to 70percent losses in Santa Paula Canyon, but only 20 percent losses in the SantaClara Valley, which is relatively close.
ADVECTION FROST ‣ can occur during either the day or night. Interestingly, someregions had little damage, while others were devastated.
In temperate climates, damage to grain crops canalso occur before booting, under severe conditions, or to flowers even in mildfrosts.Biological (avoidance or resistance)This book contains a broad range of information from basic tocomplex; however, it was mainly written to help growers to better understandfreeze protection and to develop strategies to combat crop losses due tofreezing. The saving grace isthat major frost events tend to be sporadic, whereas radiation frost eventsoccur often.Selecting species for timing of phenological developmentSelecting planting dates for annual crops after the probability of freezing lessens in the springA world map of average length of frost-free period (Figure1.5) clearly shows that the greatest potential for frost damage increases as onemoves poleward.
Recently, California suffered two majordamaging events in the citrus industry. A "frost" is the occurrence of an air temperature of 0 °Cor lower, measured at a height of between 1.25 and 2.0 m above soil level,inside an appropriate weather shelter. The application is useful for predicting when to start sprinklers for frost protection and for other methods as well.The FFST Excel application programs FFST_E.xls and FFST_M.xls are available from this link.
It occurs when a dry, cold air mass moves into an area when there is almost no cloud cover and no wind at night. The reviewers recommended that micrometeorologicalmodels, combined with digital elevation data and detailed damage information,could help to understand spatial patterns of damage risk.Note that the plots of daily air temperature for the December1990 and 1998 frosts in California (Figures 1.1 and 1.2) had similar shapes inboth years; however, the dew-point temperature trends were different in the twoyears. A weak inversion (highceiling) occurs when the temperatures aloft are only slightly higher than nearthe surface and a strong inversion (low ceiling) has rapidly increasingtemperature with height.
The level where the temperature profile changes froman inversion to a lapse condition is called the ceiling. Again, the probability of freezingtemperatures is affected by local conditions that cannot be properly shown on aglobal map. Consequently, the trees are less hardened againstfrost damage than those exposed to the two California frosts.
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