Kohut relied heavily on empathy as a method of observation. This is solved, optimally, by imagining the object's presence, thus creating a "surrogate" selfobject until the selfobject is available.As described by Kohut, the selfobject-function (ie. Instead, Kohut posited that empathy in psychology should be acknowledged as a powerful therapeutic tool, extending beyond "hunches" and vague "assumptions," and enabling empathy to be described, taught, and used more actively.Selfobjects are external objects that function as part of the "self machinery." Society tends to place a significant amount of weight on external factors and circumstances; however, in most cases, external things can be changed, influenced, or moved by self. The function thus usually does not become "visible" until the relation with the selfobject is somehow broken.Kohut started out with an idealizing image of Freud and his theories, but with self-psychology, he ended up going back to the roots of psychology, viewing therapy as a "talking cure" rather than an analytical process. This site may store and process health related data for the purposes of providing counseling and related services.Intherealmofself-psychology,self-objectsareregardedasthecrutcheswhichpeoplerelyuponwhentheyfeelincapableoffulfillingtheirownneeds.Someonewholackssecurityandconfidenceinthemselvesmayrelyuponsignificantothersorfriendsareself-objectswhichtemporarilyprovidethemwithsomesemblanceofbelongingandsignificance.Thestudiesofself-psychologyhaveshownthatnarcissismisoftentriggeredbyparents'lackofabilitytobetherefortheirchildrenandserveashealthysupportsystemsasthechildgrowsintoanadult.Thisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthateverychildof"unavailable"parentsorguardianswilldevelopnarcissism,butithasthepotentialtoserveasahindrancelaterinlife.Somepeoplecanriseaboveit,whileothersstruggle.Thepresenceofself-psychologyexistslargelytohelpindividualswhoarehavingadifficulttimeinthisarena.Partofthehealthydevelopmentofselfincludeslearningaboutself.Thiscanonlybeachievedbybranchingout,havingnewexperiences,andrelyinguponself,atleasttocertainextents.Whensomeoneisunhealthilydependentupontwinship,theyrobthemselvesoftheabilitytodevelopveryadvantageoustraits,suchasindependence,confidence,andself-assurance.Thereisnothingwrongwithhavingrelationshipswithotherpeopleorsharingcertainsimilaritieswithothers;however,theissuesarisewhenthereisarelianceuponthesesimilaritiestofunctionorfeelwhole.Oneofthebiggestgoalsofself-psychologyistohelppatientsdevelopahealthy,robustsenseofselfsothattheyarenolongerreliantuponself-objectsandmethodsoftransferencetofeelwhole.Forexample,achildwhoisconstantlybelittledbytheirrelatives,peersorotherassociatesmaygrowuptobeinsecureadultswhoareconstantlystrivingtogainthefavorofothers.Conversely,ayoungpersonwhoisproppedupandencouragedastheygrowupislikeliertobecomeaself-assuredandconfidentadult.Ofcourse,noindividualorsituationisexactlyliketheother.Thecriticismsassociatedwithself-psychologywouldhavetoultimatelybedeterminedonacase-by-casebasis.Thereisnooneanswertowhethercriticsarerightorwrongineachscenario.Self-psychologyhasplayedamajorroleinthepublicacknowledgmentofthedistinctionbetweenhealthynarcissismandnarcissism.Certaintraitsassociatedwithnarcissismcanbepositiveandhelpfulinmoderation;although,anarcissisticpersonalityisharmful.Likeself-objects,transferenceisasignificantpartofself-psychology.Transferencepertainstotheliteraltransferofchildhoodfeelingsorneedstoanotherpersonorthing.Thiscantakeplaceinthreedifferentforms:mirroring,idealizingandalterego/twinship.Astheoldsayingstates,nogooddeedgoesunpunished.Regardlessofhowmanydevelopmentsorpositiveimpactswhichstemfromsomething,therewillalwaysbecriticsandindividualswhoseethingsfromalessfavorableangle.Conversely,someonewhostruggleswiththeirsenseofselfandself-worthislikeliertomakedecisionswhicharedestructiveandattracttoxicindividualsandinfluencesintotheirlives.Someofthemostcommoncriticismsofself-psychologyassertthatthisformoftreatmentwillnotpromptpermanentchangesinsufferingindividuals.Althoughnoformoftherapyisinfallible,apersonwhogenuinelydevelopsahealthysenseofselfandahealthyrelianceuponselfasaresultofself-psychologyisundoubtedlyabenefactorofthetreatment.Thatbeingsaid,therearecertaincasesandindividualswhichmaynotbehelpedbyself-psychology;however,thiscanbesaidaboutvirtuallyanyformoftherapyortreatment.Alterego/twinshipisanothermanifestationoftransference,althoughthisoneisnotasoutwardlyinsidiousasmirroringoridealizing.Inanutshell,alterego/twinshippertainstothedesiretofeelsimilartoothers.Now,thisisnotinherentlyadverse,butthistypeoftransferencebecomesproblematicafteracertainperiod.Self-psychologycentersaroundtheimportanceofselfbecausethatiswhatdeterminesone'shealth,well-being,relationshipsandotheraspectsoflife.Societytendstoplaceasignificantamountofweightonexternalfactorsandcircumstances;however,inmostcases,externalthingscanbechanged,influenced,ormovedbyself.Theinneressenceofselfisimportantbecauseitdetermineswhatweacceptinlife,howwetreatotherpeople,andwhatweattractintoourlives.Youattractwhatyouare.Someoneisstrong,confident,andabletofunctionbothwithothersandontheirownisextremelylikelytoattractpositiveoutcomesandmakedecisionswhichgeneratefavorablecircumstances.Additionalcriticsoftheself-psychologyclaimthatthetreatmentonlydealswithasubsectionwhichcouldbecausingproblemsinafflictedindividuals.Forinstance,personalmotivationsandunconsciousinstinctsareviewedbycriticsasissueswhichself-psychologyfailstoaddress.However,theseclaimscouldbecontested,becauseself-psychologydelvesintothevarioussubsectionsoftransferenceandself-objects.Acredibleassertioncaneasilystatethatunhealthypersonalmotivationsandunconsciousinstinctsarehighlylikelytostemfromself-objectsandtransference.Theequallydangerousdoppelgangerofmirroringcomesintheformofidealizing.Idealizingisaformoftransferencewhichtakesplacewhenonereliesuponanotherpersonorgroupofpeopletoaffirmthemorpropthemup.Someonewhoisnotfullyconfidentinthemselvesmayidealizeafriendandtakethatfriend'swordsandopinionsatfacevalue.Iftheyarehavingatoughtime,theymayturntothefriendforcomfort.Iftheyarestrugglingwithsomethingelse,suchasfinancialissues,abreakuporsomeotherupsettingoccurrence,thatsingularfriendmayserveastheirsoleconfidant.Asonemightgatherfromtheprecedingdescription,mirroringisextremelyunhealthy.Theinnersenseofselfshouldneverbewhollyreliantuponwhatotherssayorfeel.Therewillalwaysbepeopleinthisworldwhodisapproveofwhatsomeoneisdoing.Thatdoesnotalwaysnecessarilymeanthatoneisinthewrongoranylessvaluableordeservingofself-esteem.Mirroringinvolvesassessingtheoutsideresponsesofotherindividualsasaconfirmationofself.Someonewhoisusingmirrorsasaformoftransferencemayrelyuponwhattheirfriendsorfamilymembersthinktomakecruciallifechoices.Forexample,ifarelativecongratulatesanindividualontheirlifestyleorchoices,thatpersonwillinternalizethepositivereinforcementasatypeofself-worthorvalue.Likewise,ifsomeonefacescriticismfromafamilymemberoracquaintance,thiscouldpromptahittotheirfeelingofinnerworthandpride.Narcissismalmostinherentlycarriesnegativeconnotations;althoughhealthynarcissismcontributestotheinnategrowthanddevelopmentofchildren.Thedifferencebetweennarcissismandhealthynarcissismcomesintheformoflevelsanddegrees.Ahealthydegreeofnarcissismtypicallyengendersresilience,confidenceandtheabilitytoriseabovechallengesandfrustrationswhichcomealongwithlife.Asthenameimplies,self-psychologyisjustthat-thepsychologyoftheself.Thistypeofpsychologyisbasedontheassertionsthatpastexperiences,encountersandeventraumasleavetheirmark(forbetterorforworse)andlargelydeterminewhomoneistoday.Nowthereisnothingwrongwithfriendshiporcloseness,butidealizingisdangerous.Itcreatesaninherentimbalanceofpowerwhichopensthedoortoabuseandotherissues.Self-psychologyexistsforthesakeofhelpingonereachthepointwhichtheydonothavetoidealizeanotherindividualtoaffirmwhotheyareorovercomecertainhurdleswhichlifemaypresent.Self-objectsareinherentlyparasiticbecausetheyexistoutsideofself.Oneoftheultimateaimsofself-psychologyistohelppatientsbecomeself-reliantandabletointernalizetheirself-objects.Insteadofrelyingonsignificantothersorfriendstoprovidethemwithbelongingorsignificance,oneshouldadopttoviewtheircharacter,qualities,orabilitiesasself-objects.Eachofthethingsaboveexistswithinselfandarenotconditionaluponexternalcircumstancesoracceptance.
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