They declared that China would resume sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997, from which time Hong Kong would be vested with executive, legislative and independent judicial power, “including that of final adjudication”, for 50 years. And foreign interference, basically defined, is when foreign powers attempt to influence what is going on in another country, often by sneaky means.The laws would establish a new national security council in Hong Kong led by officials handpicked by Beijing. A world away from urban Hong Kong, the Nam Sang Wai landscape is dominated by abandoned farms, fish ponds and lush greenery. Hong Kong is a radioactive demonstration that Chinese people can have freedom of speech, assembly, protest and be equal before the law – and be very successful.The laws came into effect the day after they were signed by China's leader, Xi Jinping.Professor Chen is a member of this advice committee. China ceded Hong Kong to Britain in 1842 after a humiliating defeat in the first Opium War but, by the final decades of the last century, colonialism was on the way out. “So the government was reluctant to do anything to implement Article 23.”After the handover in 1997, a chief executive headed Hong Kong instead of a British governor and Hong Kong became a “special administrative region of China” with a one country, two systems arrangement enshrined in the Basic Law. “The point I’d draw from that is that this is being written in something of a rush, by people who are not necessarily terribly well-versed with the details of Hong Kong’s legal system and it would not be a surprise … if when we see the wording there are various problems with it and that will only increase the difficulty for the courts.”So far, this handful of laws includes the stationing of a Chinese garrison in Hong Kong (by law, these troops must not interfere in local affairs), the criteria for being considered a Chinese national and the national flag law, which prohibits flag desecration.Felicity is the National Explainer Editor and Multimedia Editor for the Sydney Morning Herald, The Age, WA Today and The Brisbane Times.The Basic Law, Hong Kong’s mini-constitution, says mainland China can make laws for it on defence and foreign affairs as well as “other matters outside the limits of the autonomy of [Hong Kong]”.“So, 99.9 per cent of the laws in Hong Kong consist of laws made by the Hong Kong legislature,” says Albert Chen, Professor in Constitutional Law at the University of Hong Kong, “but then, under Article 18 of the Basic Law, the Chinese legislature … can also make a law and apply it to Hong Kong”.“Both subversion and terrorism have been very broadly characterised within mainland China,” says Shoebridge. As it turned out, the timing was swift.The term "rioting" has proved a major sticking point after several hundred protesters were charged with the offence, which carries a 10-year jail term.The new laws represent the most significant development in Hong Kong since one country, two systems came into play in 1997, says Ryan Manuel, managing director of research firm Official China. “Rights and freedoms, including those of the person, of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of travel … will be ensured by law in [Hong Kong].”The "big dividing line" to watch out for, says Gitting, will be any wording that criminalises peaceful actions.

The details - finally released shortly before midnight on June 30 in Hong Kong and without an English translation - called for a maximum sentence of life imprisonment for those found to be guilty of four broadly defined crimes of "separatism," "subversion" as well as "terrorism" and "collusion with foreign forces".Hong Kong’s courts have a good track record on protecting human rights, says Gitting, “and it’s not going to be easy for them to suddenly sweep all that away. One is that Hong Kong has not passed its own national security laws, although it is required to under Article 23 of its Basic Law.

In some instances, Chinese prosecutors and investigators will step in to directly handle cases.Elsewhere, Twitter users have deleted their accounts en masse. The law applies to permanent residents and non-residents in Hong Kong who violate the law on Hong Kong territory as well as to crimes committed by a Hong Kong … Hong Kong e-Legislation (HKeL) is the official database of Hong Kong legislation. “Whenever anybody talks about Article 23 then there will be a lot of fear and anxiety,” says Chen.

Why are they so controversial? all the way at the front or back, less seats). There are a few bike … Different searching and viewing modes are available to facilitate access to law. It also creates law enforcement agencies staffed with Chinese officials and a new magistrate court in Hong Kong that would specialise in national security cases and potentially try defendants without a jury if the cases involved state secrets.

“This is an indicator of the anxiety that the Chinese government has around social stability and support. The reasons given can be highly varied, often related vaguely to ‘safety’ and ‘inconvenience to other passengers’.

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